Final
Paper
Xianping
he
ENGL 191
11/20/2012
Nursing in China and
America
Introduction
When we talked about Nursing,
I think the first impression in people’s mind will be the job in the hospital
which helps doctors takes care of patients. Actually a nurse is a healthcare professional
who is focused on caring for individuals, families, and communities, ensuring
that they attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and functioning.
Different countries have different history of nursing. In this paper, first, I
will introduce the
definition of nursing and the types of nurses. Then, I will talk about the history of nursing in
China and America. After a period of time, nursing becomes a popular field in
the world, and nursing
education is also very completed in different countries. Finally, I will
conclude the nursing education in China and America. （Fix
problems with the thesis in this paragraph.)
The definitions of nursing
There are many differences between nurses and other health care providers. Such s how to have patient care, training, and practice. The practice areas of nursing are wide and diversity. Many nurses are offering care within special physician’s requirements, this is the traditional role of nurses, and it is typically to reflect the image of nurses as care providers. However, nurse’s duties are also dependent on their training level [3].
There are many differences between nurses and other health care providers. Such s how to have patient care, training, and practice. The practice areas of nursing are wide and diversity. Many nurses are offering care within special physician’s requirements, this is the traditional role of nurses, and it is typically to reflect the image of nurses as care providers. However, nurse’s duties are also dependent on their training level [3].
Nursing has many definitions from
different countries. According to the international council of Nurses:
“Nursing includes autonomous and
collaborative care of individuals of all ages. Such as, families, groups, sick
or well people. Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of
health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of
suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human [3].
The types of
nurses
Agency
nurse--- A nurse who will register or sign up with an agency or similar group
and tell them the works hours they are available.
Ambulatory
care nurse--- A nurse who takes care of the patient who will stay in the
hospital less than 24 hours.
Anesthesia
nurse--- A nurse who works with surgeons, dentists, podiatrists,
anesthesiologists, and other doctors to provide anesthesia to patients before,
during, and after surgery or child birth.
Cardiac
care nurse--- a nurse who works with other members of the medical staff in
assessing, intervening, and implementing nursing care for the cardiac patient.
Critical
care nurse---a nurse who offers care for patients and families who are
experiencing actual or potential life-threatening illness.
Emergency
nurse---a nurse has interventions and does evaluations in a limited time and
sometimes hectic environment. Emergency nurses have to work independently and
sometimes they also need to work with groups, they have to provide professional
help to patients and families when they are illness.
Occupational
health nurse--a nurse who is responsible for improving, protecting, maintaining
and restoring the health of employees.
Oncology
nurse--a nurse who cares for cancer patients.
Pediatric
nurses---a nurse cares all aspects of children’s health care [2].
The history of Nursing
I. The
history of Nursing in China
The history of nursing in China is
beginning from the 19th century. In Chinese culture, modern nursing
was regarded as the part of the westernization. In china, the traditional
health treatment was provided by the medical personnel or doctors in formal
hospital, actually, the professional nursing doesn’t exist in in China. Until
in the late 19th century, modern nursing was formed by the arrival
of Western missionaries. Throughout the 20th, nursing development
was controlled. There are many reasons caused the regressive development of
nursing, such as the political climate in China. Cultural Revolution has a
critical effect on nursing development because many nursing schools were closed
[4].
According to Chinese national condition,
Chinese cultural understanding of health plays an important role in nursing
practice. Sometimes, Chinese people have illness when the patients and the
treatment environment are imbalance. Likewise, traditional Chinese medicine
plays a critical role in restoring the overall balance, rather than simply
treating symptoms [4].
Chinese health treatment was traditionally
provided by various paramedical and medical personnel; in general, family
members stayed in the hospital and took care of the sick relatives every day.
In 1835, the first Western influenced hospital was established in Canton. And
Elizabeth Mckechnie, the first American nurse in China, she introduced the
Florence Nightingale system of nursing in China. In 1888, the first Chinese
nursing school was established in Fuchou by another American, Ella
Johnson. In 1908, Nina arrived in
China and established a nurse training program in 1910; it was the part of Yale
mission. From 1912 to 1915, Nina was in charge of the Chinese Nursing
Association. Until 1915, the examination system of the professional
certification of nurses was established in China, and in 1920, Peking Union
Medical College had the Asia’s first 5-year bachelor degree. During the 1920s
and 1930s, there are many nursing schools were established. In 1930, the first
government-funded nursing school was established, and then the number of
nursing schools was increased rapidly. There were more than 6000 registered
nurses by 1936. Until 1949, there were almost 216 nursing program, which
provided three or four years nursing training [4].
In 1949, the big change was Chinese
nursing began the takeover by the Communist party government. However, when the
second medical college was established in Beijing, there are many political pressures
to prevent the takeover of Communist party for nursing. Then, day after day,
nursing development has a significant increase until now. Currently, nursing
becomes one of the popular careers in China [4].
II. The history of nursing in America
Women
always play the important role in caring the sick, using medicines to treat a
large numbers of diseases in America. There is no precious training before them
master these medical skills, meanwhile, the information was circulated by
generations. In the late 1800s, nursing became a trained profession in England
and standards, registrations and regulations, led by Florence Nightingale, and
were established. Then, The United States followed England, and established the
similar regulations and organizations that normed training methods for nurses.
In 1897, the Nurses Associated Alumnae was formed in Maryland and it was in
charge of nursing colleges for professional nurses [5].
In order
to help patients to get the adequate care from someone who does not have
professional nursing training, many states passed nursing certification and
licensing laws in the early 1900s. Many states were very strict with the people
who wanted to attend nursing schools, such as Virginia and New Jersey. At the same
time, nurses became independent, and they can work outside of the hospitals,
such as work opportunities at doctor’s offices, clinics and in other
preventative care environment.
During
World War I, there was a large demand of nurses, especially for the
professional and effective nurses. This promoted the rapid increases of
high-level educated nurses. Therefore, it caused many post-war nurses were
unemployed. However, there was another increase of nurses during World War II.
In order to meet the demands of nurses, government offered incentives for women
to become nurses, including free housing, tuition and even stipends. With
Medicare introduced in the 1960s, many people benefited from health care, and
the demand for nurses soared. Also, many opportunities were offered to men as
well as woman, but women still had the dominant status in nursing field.
Throughout the late -60s and early -70s, the Vietnam War again spurred the need
for more nurses [5].
Since
the early 1980s, there were large demands for professional and quality nursing
care. In order to solve this problem, travel nurses soared in America. This
means the professional nurses who moves from one location to another location
with all expenses paid. Even today, there is still large demand of professional
nurses, then the government is again enticing both men and women to enter the
nursing field with free tuition and grants in order to swell the numbers of
nurses [5].
Nursing
education
I. Nursing
education in China
Until the
early 19th century, traditional Chinese Medicine was only health
care, it was used until today. In 1820, Missionary hospitals were established
by western missionaries. However, there were no professional nurse training
existed at that time. In 1837, Elizabeth Mckechnie, an American nurse established
a formal nursing training in shanghai. One year later, another nursing school
was established in Fuzhou. Then, many hospital-affiliated nursing schools were
appeared in many major cities in China. Peking Union Medical College had the
first nursing programmer in 1920, but it was stopped in 1951. In china, nursing
education was thought as vocational education, and Chinese government also
established its own nursing schools in 1933. By 1949, there were 183 nursing
schools and 32800 nurses in China. And they used the original English textbook
as teaching materials [6].
In 1951,
2-year nursing education programmer was offered after junior high level.
However, the period was too short. Then, the programmer was elongated to 3
years in 1954. All of the teaching materials were regulated. In the late 1950s,
the health schools became independent to training nurses. The hospital still
worked with the health schools to support students’ clinical practice training.
Until now,
nursing education had a rapid development. In order to help the development of
nursing, legal regulation and enforcement for nursing practice is in place. A
new Nurse Act was introduced in 2008 to support the further development of
nursing. Nursing education has a 200 years history in China, since the
beginning time, the development of nursing was interfered by government. In the
last two decades, nursing education has a big progress in China but also
encounters many challenges. As with every opportunity, there is risk, and in
every risk, there is opportunity. There is enhancement of quality of education
and quantity of nurse graduates, and development of higher education in nursing
and clinical specialization. There are 58 Master Nursing programmers in China
as of 2007 and 10 PHD nursing programmer as of 2008 [6].
II.
Nursing education in America
American
nursing education is the education to train nurses how to care for patients.
Education provides the knowledge, skills and ability to help nurses care the
patients professionally. Also, education also evaluates the professions of
nurses [8].
In 1873,
American first nursing school was built in New York City, it was found on the
principles of nursing established by Florence Nightingale. This school
connected with Bellevue Hospital until 1969. In 1889, the Johns Hopkins School
of Nursing was established under the influences of Florence Nightingale. The
University of Minnesota was the first university based nursing program. In
1923, Yale School of Nursing became the first autonomous school of nursing in the
United States. In 1956, the first Master Degree was offered in Columbia
University School of Nursing.
There are
many pre-requisites for nursing students. For example, math, English and other
basic level courses. Basic courses include biology, anatomy and physiology. And
core coursework includes anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. After
basic study in first semester, students are up to learn obstetrics, mental
health, medical, surgical, oncology, critical care and pediatric units.
Students are required to have a historic view of nursing and what it
encompasses [7].
A
variation of the second degree BSN is the Accelerated BSN. The pre-requisites
classes give credit for completing the liberal arts requirements, and help you
get into the nursing program as soon as possible. Accelerated BSN programs run
16 to 24 months for undergraduate, but the traditional BSN programs take much
longer time. Lastly, the Master level is for experienced RNs to reach a higher
education and may expand their scope of practice [8].
In the
United States, students graduate from nursing education programs are required
to take NCLEX exams, the NCLEX-PN for Licensed Practical Nurses or the NCLEX-RN
for Registered Nurses [7].
Conclusion
All in all, we can see, not only
in China, but also in America, nurse is good job field in China and America.
Nursing is a job which can help people live better and be healthier. Currently,
Nursing becomes a popular major among students, and nursing education is more
perfect in the world. For me, as a nursing student, I am satisfied with the
wholesome nursing education and I am confident with the nursing career in the
future [Fix the problems].
References
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